Paris. Practical Information

On this page you can find general information about the beautiful city of Paris. From its history to learning how to get around.

Content:

Practical Information:

1. Security

France is a safe country. The most touristic areas of the country, especially in Paris, have significant police protection, it is in them, as well as in public transport, where the highest rate of theft occurs, so it is advisable to take a minimum of precautions:

  • Do not carry all the documentation, money and cards in the same bag or suitcase.
  • Be alert when withdrawing money from an ATM.
  • Be discreet when using the mobile in a crowded place.
  • Do not leave bags or backpacks unattended.

What if you should avoid some suburbs of big cities like Paris, Marseille or Toulouse. But since they are not touristic areas, they should not be included in our plans.

In the event of loss or theft, whether of objects or documentation, it is advisable to file a complaint at a Police Station: «main courante», if there has been no physical damage, and «plainte» in the event of robbery with aggression.

2. Healthcare

For European citizens, it is recommended that they apply for the European Health Card (TSE). In Spain, it can be requested at any of the Social Security service and information centers or through the Social Security website.

The Card entitles its holder to receive the health benefits that he may need during a temporary stay in France, regardless of the purpose of the stay.

This card entitles you to receive health benefits throughout the French public health network and in many affiliated private establishments, under the same conditions as French Social Security beneficiaries.

In many cases, these conditions include a co-payment system for the medical benefits received and the medicines purchased with a prescription. Specific details can be found here:

https://www.cleiss.fr/particuliers/venir/vacances/index_en.html

For citizens from outside Europe, a good travel insurance is recommended. Healthcare in France is tremendously expensive and, as they say: prevention is better than cure. You can consult them on the IATI website, specialists in travel insurance that, for being our reader, you will get a 5% discount on any of the insurance modalities.

3. Drive in France

The maximum speed on motorways is 130 km/h in normal weather conditions and 110 km/h in case of rain; 80 km/h on bidirectional national highways without central separation and 50 km/h in cities.

Driving with an alcohol level of more than 0.25 mg per liter of expired air, or 0.5 g in blood, is prohibited.

The French administration rigorously enforces traffic legislation, following the «zero tolerance» principle. Thus, a speeding of more than 40 km/h over the authorized limit is sanctioned with the immediate withdrawal of the driving license and a significant fine. In the event that speeding, whatever it may be, puts the lives of third parties at risk, the penalty can be one year in prison and a fine of more than €15,000 ($17,000). The sanction can reach 10 years in prison if there are aggravating circumstances.

3. How to get to Paris

Paris has three international airports and is one of the most visited cities in the world, being one of the ones that receives the most flights.

Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG)

It is the most important airport in Paris and the second in Europe by number of passengers (after Heathrow in London). More than 76 million travelers passed through its terminals in 2019.

Charles de Gaulle Airport is huge and has 3 terminals. The second of these has different halls connected to each other. To move between the different terminals there is a free bus.

We recommend going long, long before the departure of the flight.

How to get from Charles de Gaulle Airport to Paris.

There are quite a few ways to get to Paris from Charles de Gaulle Airport.

1. Transfer service

It is certainly the most comfortable option but not the cheapest.

For this we recommend the Civitatis service, very good and professional.

2. RER

RER trains on line B connect Charles de Gaulle Airport with the center of Paris in approximately 30 minutes and their frequency is between 10 and 15 minutes.

The price of the ticket is 11.45€ which corresponds to zones 1 to 5. This same ticket will be used to transfer to the Paris metro.

RER B line map
transport in ParisCharles de Gaulle Airport
Map of the RER B line.

More information on the Paris Airports website.

3. RoissyBus shuttle

The Roissybus is a bus that connects Charles de Gaulle Airport with the Opera square. It takes approximately 60 minutes and the ticket price is 16.20€. The frequency is between 15 and 30 minutes depending on the time slot.

Map of the RoissyBus shuttle
Transpor in ParisCharles de Gaulle Airport
Map of the RoissyBus shuttle.

More information on the Paris Airports website.

4. Bus

There are two urban bus lines that arrive in Paris from Charles de Gaulle:

Bus 350: Connects the airport with the Gare de l’Est station.
Bus 351: Connects the airport with Plaza Nation.

The journey takes about 60 minutes and the price is 2.10€. The frequency is between 15 and 35 minutes.

Hours are from 5:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m.

If you arrive after 9:30 p.m., you can take one of the two night bus routes (Noctilien) that connect Charles de Gaulle with Gare de l’Est station. The lines are 140 and 143 and their price is 8€.

5. Taxi

The taxi between Charles de Gaulle Airport is between 50€ and 70€, depending on the destination.

Go to the downtown area on the right bank of the Seine River, where, for example, the Pompidou Center is located, the price is closed and it is €53.

Go to the central area of the left bank of the river, where the Eiffel Tower is located, the price is also closed and is €58.

6. Go to Disneyland Paris

If your destination is Disneyland, the most direct way to get there is by taking the Disneyland Magical Shuttle from €23 with a duration of approximately 45 minutes.

Transfer between Charles de Gaulle Airport and Paris Orly Airport

If your flight arrives at Charles de Gaulle Airport and your connection departs from Paris Orly airport, you can take the RER B train to Antony and transfer to the Orlyval light rail there.

The frequency is between 4 and 7 minutes and the journey takes about 30 minutes. The train work between 6 am and 11:35 pm. The price of RER+Orlyval tickets is €12.10.

Map of all airport transport
Paris
Map of all airport transport.

Paris Orly Airport

Orly (ORY) is the second largest airport in Paris after Charles de Gaulle. In 2018, more than 32 million passengers passed through its terminals. It has two terminals: South and West. If you want to move between both terminals you can do it for free on the Orlyval automatic train.

How to get to Paris from Orly

1. Transfer service

It is certainly the most comfortable option but not the cheapest.

For this we recommend the Civitatis service, very good and professional.

Transfer Paris Orly

2. Orlyval and RER B

The Orlyval automatic train connects Orly Airport with the Antony RER station, where we can take line B.

The frequency is between 3 and 7 minutes, and the journey takes about 30 minutes. The price is 14.10€.

More information on the Paris Airports website.

3. Tram

Tram line 7 connects Villejuif-Louis Aragon metro station (terminus of Paris metro line 7) with Athis-Mons via Orly 4. The line passes through Paris-Orly airport with a stop at Orly 4 and the Coeur d’Orly area (Ibis, Ibis Budget and Novotel hotels).

The journey takes about 45 minutes to/from the Villejuif-Louis Aragon metro stop and the frequency is between 8 and 15 minutes. It works from 5.30 to 00.30. The price is 2.10€.

Map of Paris tram line 7
Transport in Paris
Orly airport
Map of tram line 7.

Tram line 9 connects the Porte de Choisy metro station (Paris metro line 7) with Orly Ville. It connects the Paris-Orly airport with the 183 bus.

The journey takes 1 hour to Orly airport, it works from 05:30 to 00:30. The price is €1.90.

Map of Paris tram line 9
Transport in Paris
Orly airport
Map of tram line 9.

Bus 183 provides access to Paris-Orly and the Rungis international market. Its route allows a connection on the T7 tramway (“Bretagne” stop), the T9 tramway (at “Choisy-le-Roi RER” and “Robert Peary”) as well as the RER C (at “Pont de Rungis – Aéroport d’ Orly” and “Choisy-le-Roi RER”).

Map of Paris bus 183
Transport in Paris
Orly airport
Map of bus 183.

More information on the Paris Airports website.

4. Orlybus

This is a shuttle bus service between Paris-Orly airport and Place Denfert-Rochereau.

The journey takes about 30 minutes with a frequency between 10 and 15 minutes. The Orlybus runs from 05:35 to 00:30. The ticket price is 11.20€.

Orly bus
Transport in Paris

More information on the Paris Airports website.

5. Taxi

The price of a taxi from Orly Airport to the center of Paris is between €70 and €80.

Transport map of Orly Airport
Transport in Paris
Transport map of Orly Airport.

Beauvais Airport

Beauvais Airport, 85 km north of Paris is a small airport in Tillé, a small town located near Beauvais. Beauvais is the airport where low cost airlines.

How to get to Paris from Beauvais airport

1. Transfer service

It is certainly the most comfortable option but not the cheapest.

For this we recommend the Civitatis service, very good and professional.

Transfer in Beauvais airport
Transport in Paris

2. Bus

Paris-Beauvais Airport offers a regular direct bus service between central Paris at Porte Maillot station and the airport.

The journey takes about 75 minutes and the price is 16.90€ (one way). The return ticket price is 29.90€

To return from Paris to the airport, buses leave 3 hours before the flight from the bus park on Boulevard Pershingla next to Porte Maillot station.

3. Taxi

It is not a recommended transport due to its high cost, between 170€ and 210€.

More information on the Paris-Beauvais Airport website.

4. Transport in Paris

1. Metro

The first line of the Paris metro was inaugurated on July 19, 1900 and connected Porte de Vincennes with Porte Maillot. Since its inauguration, the network has been gradually expanding, having opened the last line in 1998, which is considered one of the most modern in the world. Today it has 303 stations and 219 kilometers of tracks.

It is the third longest metro network in Western Europe, only surpassed by London and Madrid.

The metro is the fastest way to get around Paris. The metro network consists of 16 lines that communicate with each other and with the RER trains.

The hours are from 5.30 to 1.00.

There are several types of transport ticket: single ticket, called Ticket t+, and daily and weekly passes, Paris Visite and Passe Navigo. We will analyze these below.

More information on the Paris transport website.

2. Bus

The most popular transportation system after the subway. Paris has more than 60 lines and 40 night lines.

The advantage over the metro is that you see Paris during the journey. The downside is that, as long as you get stuck, you don’t get to the destination in life.

Night buses (Noctilien).
Noctilien buses are night buses that run between 00:30 and 07:00. The frequency of these buses is from 10 to 15 minutes on weekends and from 15 to 30 minutes on weekdays. They are identified by having the letter N before the number.

There are several types of transport ticket: single ticket, called Ticket t+, and daily and weekly passes, Paris Visite and Passe Navigo.

It is advisable to buy tickets in advance at metro stations, newsagents and tobacconists. If we buy them from the driver, it carries an extra fee of €0.40.

More information on the Paris transport website.

3. Tram

It worked until 1957, the year in which it was completely replaced by the metro, but at the end of the 20th century, the RATP company put it back into operation.

There are currently 9 tram lines in operation, although they are of little use to tourists.

More information on the Paris transport website.

4. RER

The RER trains in Paris are regional trains that, in addition to reaching nearby places, complement the metro network when they run through the city center.

The Paris suburban network has five lines, more than 250 stations and almost 600 kilometers of track. The RER lines are named with letters: A, B, C, D and E. The most interesting from a tourist point of view are the first three.

RER A: Connects Disneyland Paris with the city center.
RER B: Connects Charles de Gaulle Airport with the center of Paris.
RER C: Arrives at Orly Airport and the Château de Versailles.

The lines have normal and express trains. The express do not stop at all stations so you have to take this into account and look carefully at the station screens. In these we also have to look at the destinations since they vary according to the hours on the same lines.

More information on the Paris transport website.

5. Funicular at Montmartre

The Montmartre Funicular connects the lower part of the Montmartre neighborhood with its upper part, where the Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located.

The Montmartre Funicular became operational in the summer of 1900 and was then hydraulically powered using a system of cisterns that filled and emptied according to passenger load. It has undergone several renovations until reaching the current one, from 1991.

Its hours are from 6:00 to 00:45. There are several types of transport ticket: single ticket, called Ticket t+, and daily and weekly passes, Paris Visite and Passe Navigo.

6. Batobus

The Batobus is a tourist boat that runs along the Seine river making stops at the main points of interest in Paris.

As with tourist buses, at each stop you can stop as long as you want and wait for the next boats.

The schedule in summer is from 10:00 to 19:00 and in winter from 10:00 to 17:00 and its frequency is 30 minutes in summer and 45 in winter.

Here you can buy your tickets in advance:

Batobus Paris
Transport in Paris

7. Tourist bus

All tour bus companies offer open-top, double-decker buses with Spanish commentary via headphones.

We recommend Paris Big Bus (formerly Les Cars Rouges), the oldest tourist bus company in Paris. As its old name indicated, Big Bus Paris buses are red.

The Big Bus Paris itinerary has a total duration of 2:15 hours and makes 11 stops, allowing you to get on and off at each of them.

The Big Bus operates from 9:30 a.m. to 8:15 p.m. and its frequency ranges between 10 and 20 minutes, depending on the time of year.

Here you can easily buy tickets in advance:

paris Hop On Hop off bus
Paris touristic bus

8. Taxi

Taxis in Paris are normal cars and the only thing that identifies them is the sign on the roof. Inside they must have a taximeter and a plate indicating the license number.

The minimum service has a cost of €7 so, unless you run out of transport at dawn, it will not be worth using it.

9. Tickets

Ticket t+

Ticket t+ is the name by which the single ticket for the Paris transport network is known. This ticket allows the use of the main means of transport for 90 minutes (except Orlyval, Roissybus, buses 299, 350, 351 and Noctiliens and Tram Express 11).

It comes in the form of a cardboard ticket or loaded onto a contactless medium.
The t+ Ticket does not allow you to go / return on the same line, or interrupt the trip and then continue on the same line.

The price is 2.10€. The 10-trip t+ Ticket costs €16.90.

Passe Navigo

The Passe Navigo is the most used transport pass by the inhabitants of Paris and is the cheapest way to get around the city for long stays.

We have the Passe Navigo Semaine, which is valid for the whole week and has several inconvenients:

ZONEWEEK PRICEMONTH PRICE
Zone 1-530€84.10€
Zone 2-327.45€76.70€
Zone 3-426.60€74.70€
Zone 4-526.10€72.90€
Prices 2023.

The Passe Navigo can be purchased at Metro stations, RER stations and at airports.

There is also the Passe Navigo Jour, valid for one day with unlimited travel.

ZONEPRICE
Zone 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-58.45€
Zone 1-3, 2-4, 3-511.30€
Zone 1-4, 2-514€
Zone 1-520.10€
Prices 2023

Your Navigo Jour pass is valid for unlimited travel in certain areas of the Île-de-France network. Keep in mind that the Navigo Jour pass does not have any zoning.
To choose the zones of your pass, just take into account the zones of your starting point and your arrival point. For example, if you are looking for a pass to go from Aulnay-Sous-Bois (zone 4) to Evry (zone 5), buy an «all zones» pass, since you have to go through Paris.

Mobilis Pass

The Mobilis Pass is valid for a full day from midnight to midnight the following day.

The Mobilis pass is personal: do not forget to write your name, surnames and date of use on the coupon so that it is valid.

The prices are exactly the same as the Navigo Jours Pass.

Paris Visite Pass

The Paris Visite card allows the traveler unlimited use of the Metro, Bus, RER, Tramway, Orlyval, Montmartrobus, Noctilien and Funicular de Montmartre and, in addition, small discounts are obtained in some attractions, among others, the Opera, the cruise the Seine or the tourist bus.

The Paris Visite card is available in periods of 1, 2, 3 and 5 days. For the calculation of days, full days are counted, so the first day is counted when we use it for the first time, regardless of the time.

It must be completed with your last name, first name and date of use in order to use it and, of course, it must be validated before any trip.

VALIDITY1 DAY2 DAYS3 DAYS5 DAYS
Zone 1-313.55€22.05€30.10€43.30€
Zone 1-528.50€43.30€60.70€74.30€
Prices 2023

The Paris Visite pass is considerably more expensive than the Navigo, so it is not recommended, especially for passes of more than one day.

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Short history of Paris

Today we are going to discover the history of Paris in a brief and entertaining way.

It is known that already during the Chassean period (4000 and 3800 BC) there was a permanent settlement in the current Bercy district. This is attested by the remains of three canoes found in an old branch of the Seine River dating from that period.

It is believed that the foundation of the city dates back to the years 250-200 BC. by the Gallic people of the Parisians (parisii) although the exact location of the first settlement is not known, although it is believed that it was on the Île de la Cité.

Find the best activities and tours in Paris with Civitatis:

What to do in Paris

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The Roman city extends on the left bank and on the Ile de la Cité; takes the name of Lutetia (Lutèce). At this time the city was a small city with barely 10,000 inhabitants, although it evolved thanks to river traffic.

The strategic position of Lutetia against the great invasions made it the place of residence of the Emperor Julian between 357 and 360, and then of Valentinian I in 365-366. It is at that time that the city takes the name of Paris.

In the year 508, after conquering most of Gaul, Clovis I made Paris his capital and established his main residence there (Palais des Thermes), and had several religious buildings built there, including the Basilica of the Holy Apostles, where he is buried

The eastern extension of the kingdom of the Franks under the reign of Charlemagne caused Paris to lose its privileged political position.

From the middle of the 9th century, it formed part of the territory of the Robertians, who took the title of Count of Paris.

París

In 885-886, besieged by the Normans, the city managed to successfully resist them, while preventing their access to the river. This episode brings great prestige to Paris and his Count Eudes, who helped in his defense. On the other hand, it marks a stage in the decline of the Carolingian Empire, having considered the behavior of Carlos the Fat during the events unworthy.

Robert the Pious had the Palais de la Cité and several abbeys restored, while Louis VI and later Louis VII established their court and chancery there. At the same time, the city prospered, becoming an important place for the trade in wheat, fish, and cloth, uniting Parisian merchants within a “house of water merchants” favored by Louis VII in 1170-1171.

It was Philip Augustus who made Paris the undisputed capital of the kingdom, over which he was the first of the Capetians to exercise strong control; this position was further strengthened during the reigns of Louis IX and Felipe IV “the beautiful”.

The city also became the symbol of royal power, which sought to endow it with buildings worthy of its rank: the Notre-Dame cathedral was completed around 1250, the Sainte-Chapelle which houses Christ’s crown of thorns in 1248, the Palais de la Cité was renovated and enlarged, and the Parisian market was covered and walled up (Halles). Paris continues to grow, the left bank was repopulated in the 13th century; at the beginning of the 14th century, its population was estimated at around 200,000, making it the most populous city in Europe.

Paris

In 1348, the city was first struck by the plague, which ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351; this evil then reaches him in a cyclical way for several centuries. During the Hundred Years’ War it was exposed to English attacks, which led Charles V to build a new wall on the right bank that included the suburbs. At the end of the war, Paris retreated behind its walls and its population was reduced to around 100,000 inhabitants, half that of a century before.

In 1528, Francis I officially established his residence in Paris. Under his reign, the city prospered and Paris reached 280,000 inhabitants and remained the largest city in the Christian world.

In 1677, King Louis XIV transferred his residence to Versailles and, five years later, the seat of government was also transferred. During his reign, the Sun King only came to Paris for official ceremonies, thus displaying a hostility towards the city that Parisians did not appreciate.

In 1715, the regent Philippe d’Orléans left Versailles for the Palais-Royal. The young Louis XV settles into the Tuileries Palace for a brief return of royalty to Paris. Starting in 1722, Louis XV returned to the Palace of Versailles, breaking the fragile reconciliation with the Parisian people.

Louis XV took a personal interest in the city in 1749 when he decided to develop the Place Louis XV (now Place de la Concorde), the creation of the military school in 1752 and, above all, the construction of a dedicated church at Sainte-Geneviève in 1754 , better known under the current name of Panthéon.

Paris

The French Revolution began in Versailles with the convocation of the Estates General but the Parisians, affected by the economic crisis, aware of the political problems due to the philosophy of the Enlightenment and moved by resentment towards the royal power that had abandoned the city for more of a century, gave it a new course.

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, linked to the uprising of the cabinetmakers of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, was a first step. On October 5, the riot, sparked by women in the Parisian markets, reached Versailles in the afternoon. On the morning of the 6th, the castle was invaded and the king had to agree to reside in Paris at the Tuileries Palace and convene the Constituent Assembly there, which moved to the Manège des Tuileries on October 19.

On July 14, 1790, the Fête de la Fédération took place on the Champ-de-Mars, a place that on July 17, 1791 was the scene of a dramatic execution. On the night of August 9, 1792, a revolutionary commune took possession of the town hall. On August 10, the crowd besieged the Tuileries Palace with the support of the new municipal government. King Louis XVI and the royal family are imprisoned in the tower of the palace. The French monarchy is de facto abolished. After the elections of 1792, the representatives of the Paris Commune, very radical, opposed the group of Girondins at the National Convention (representing the more moderate opinion of the middle class of the provinces) who would be isolated in 1793.

Paris

On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined at Place Louis XV, renamed “Place de la Révolution.” He was followed to the gallows by 1,119 people, including Marie Antoinette, Danton, Lavoisier, and finally Robespierre and his followers on July 27, 1794.

On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte, who seized power in 1799, was crowned Emperor by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame Cathedral. He decided to establish Paris as the capital of his Empire and intended to make it the “new Rome”. For this he ordered the construction of the triumphal arches of the Star and the Carrousel, as well as the imperial palace of the Stock Exchange (completed under the Restoration) and the Vendôme column.

In 1814, the Battle of Paris led to the capitulation of the capital and then led to Napoleon’s first abdication and the Restoration. The Cossacks of the Russian army occupy certain points in the city. The allied armies leave the city after June 3, 1814, the date of the departure of Tsar Alexander I.

At the end of the Hundred Days, the fall of the Empire in July 1815 brought the English and Prussian armies to Paris, even camping on the Champs Elysées. Louis XVIII, back from his exile in Ghent, settled again in the Tuileries.

With the arrival of the Second Empire in 1852, Paris was radically transformed. From a medieval structure, with old and unhealthy buildings, almost devoid of important roads, it has become a modern city in less than twenty years. Napoleon III had precise ideas about urban planning and housing.

During the Belle Époque, the economic expansion of Paris is important; in 1913 the city had one hundred thousand companies that employed one million workers. Between 1900 and 1913, 175 cinemas were created in Paris, many department stores opened and contributed to the influence of the city of light. Paris then becomes the second international financial center almost on par with London.

Two universal exhibitions leave a great mark on the city, with the Eiffel Tower being built for the one in 1889 (on the centenary of the French Revolution), the city’s main icon. The first subway line, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the Alexandre-III bridge are built in 1900.

From the Belle Époque to the Roaring Twenties, Paris experienced the height of its cultural influence (especially in the Montparnasse and Montmartre neighborhoods) and was home to many artists such as Picasso, Matisse, Braque, and Fernand Léger.

The interwar period took place in a context of social and economic crisis. After the bombings most of the city is in ruins.

During World War II, Paris is occupied by the Wehrmacht on June 14, 1940. As the Allied troops approach, the Resistance triggers an armed uprising on August 19, 1944. The Liberation of Paris took place on August 25 with the entry into Paris of General Leclerc’s 2nd Armored Division and Major General Raymond O. Barton’s US 4th Infantry Division.

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Kyoto (京都市)

On this page you can find general information about the beautiful city of Kyoto, from its history to learning how to get around.

Hotels in Kyoto

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Kyoto (京都市) is the 7th most populous city in Japan with almost 1.5 million inhabitants. It was the capital of Japan between 794 and 1868 and was home to the Imperial Court.

During World War II it was the only major Japanese city to escape the Allied bombing raids. For this reason, its rich historical, artistic and architectural heritage remains intact.

Content:

Kyoto practical information:

What to see and do

Travel Diaries

Discover the best activities and tours in Kyoto with Civitatis:

What to do in Kyoto

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Kyoto. Practical guide

Everything you need to know about Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan.

Content:

1. How to get to Kyoto

Train

The train is the most common way to get to Kyoto, since it does not have its own airport.

We will arrive at Kyoto station, a modern (and gigantic) building inaugurated in 1997 to commemorate the 1,200th anniversary of the founding of the city. The station has 15 conventional tracks and 4 high-speed tracks, as well as 33 platforms.

The station is located in the center of the city and a multitude of bus taxi lines depart from the entrance and includes a metro station.

At the station we can also find the tourist information office.

Kyoto station website: https://www.jr-odekake.net

Flight

The nearest airport is Kansai International Airport. The easiest way to get to Kyoto from the airport is by train.

The direct train is the Haruka Express. It takes around 1:15 a.m. and the price is 3,430 yen (€26.30) but it is included in the JRPass.

You can purchase the JR Pass and receive it comfortably at home clicking here:

Japan Rail Pass

The frequency is every 30 minutes, leaving from Kansai to Kyoto between 6:30 and 22:16; and from Kyoto to Kansai between 6:37 and 22:50.

Plano Haruka Express
Haruka Express

More information at: https://www.westjr.co.jp/global/en/travel/shopping/access/train.html

For more comfort you can hire a transfer service to the door of your hotel:

Transfer in Kyoto

How to get around Kyoto

Bus

It is the most convenient way to travel around Kyoto. They arrive at any point in the city. The price is always fixed: ¥230 (€1.76) for adults and ¥120 (€0.92) for children.

There are certain lines that operate on weekends at dawn, such as lines 204 and 205 (which run through the most touristic area) and their price is just double: ¥460 for adults and ¥240 for children.

There is also a day pass. The price is ¥600 (€4.60) for adults and ¥300 (€2.30) for children. You can buy it on the bus from the driver or in vending machines at the train station stops.

The pass is valid only for the day it is validated, not for 24 hours. That is, if you buy it and validate it on July 20 at 2 p.m., it is valid until 11:59 p.m. on July 20.

The bus is accessed through the back door and exits through the front. When you arrive at your stop, you insert the bill and the exact money in coins into a machine next to the driver. If you don’t have change, don’t worry, you can change money in another machine that is in the same place. If you have the 1 day pass, just show it to the driver.

Kyoto City Bus website: https://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/kotsu/webguide/en/bus/index_bus.html

Subway

The Kyoto subway consists of only 2 lines, the Tozai (東西線) in green and the Karasuma (烏丸線) in red. The Tozai line runs through the city from north to south and the karasuma from east to west.

The metro runs between 5:00 and 23:00. The price of the ticket depends on the length of the journey you are going to make. These range from 220 to 360 yen (€1.69 – €2.76) for adults, and between 110 and 180 yen for children. There is also a day pass, which costs the same as the bus pass and works the same.

The truth is that the Kyoto subway is going to be very impractical for us and, surely, we will not use it.

Kyoto City Subway website: https://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/kotsu/webguide/en/tika/index_tika.html

Train

We won’t be able to use the JR trains for long, but it is very convenient to go from the train station to Arashiyama with the JR San-In line in about 15-20 minutes, much less than by bus.

Taxi

The taxi in Kyoto is extremely expensive and, unless it is necessary because it is very late at night and there is no bus service, it will be very strange that we take it.

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Short history of Kyoto

On this page you can find general information about the beautiful city of Kyoto, from its history to learning how to get around.

It is known that there has been a human population since the Paleolithic. During the Jomon period (circa 14,500 BC) they settled in the Kitashirakawa part and the mountainous areas of the Yamashina basin.

During the Yayoi period (300 BC-250 AD) they began to move towards the plains. In the 5th century, water conservancy projects are built in the Kyoto basin, which was the beginning of large-scale development of the Kyoto area.

In the year 784 the emperor Kammu Tennō built Nagaoka-kyō and moved the capital from Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). Just 9 years later, in January 793, Emperor Kammu rallies his servants and announces another relocation of the capital due to the frequent floods and related diseases that plague Nagaoka-kyō. This time he chooses Kadono, 10 kilometers to the northeast.

Kanmu Tennō (桓武天皇)
Kanmu Tennō (桓武天皇)

In Kammu’s words, “Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers, as well as good transport links by sea and land, making it convenient for people to gather there from the four corners of the country.”

It is believed that the construction of Heian-kyō started from the palace and then the rest of the city. Along the river, the ports of Yodonotsu (淀津, today Yodo) and Ōitsu (大井津) were built to favor the transit of goods. The products that arrived at Heian-kyō reached the people through one of the two great markets: the east and the west. This produced a stable supply of food and goods that encouraged population growth. To avoid the floods that had devastated Nagaoka-kyō, two artificial canals were built, the current Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa, which also ensured the water supply to the population.

The construction of Buddhist temples, which were prohibited in Nagaoka-kyō, was also allowed, as it was thought that the power of the East and West temples could protect the city from natural disasters and disease.

On October 22, 794, Emperor Kammu arrives in the new city, and on November 8 he proclaims, “I hereby call this city Heian-kyō.”

In the year 810, during a confrontation for the succession of the emperor, a movement arises that demands that Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara) once again be the capital. However, Emperor Saga thought that keeping the capital at Heian-kyō would be in the best interest of the country’s stability and resisted this move, naming Heian-kyō “The Eternal City” (万代宮, “Yorozuyo no Miya” ).

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In the 10th century, the lower classes began to settle along the Kamo River, beyond the eastern limits of the city, and temples and country houses sprang up on the eastern banks of the river. Then began a trend of the city to spread to the east. In the year 980, at the southern end of Suzaku-oji, the Rajōmon (the larger of the two city gates) collapses, never to be rebuilt. In this way, the original borders of Heian-kyō extend to the east, forming the streets of first medieval and then modern Kyoto.

During the Sengoku period (戦国時代) the city suffered great destruction in the Ōnin War of 1467-1477 and did not truly recover until the mid-16th century. During the war, the shugo collapsed and power was divided among the military families. Battles between samurai factions spread through the streets and came to involve court nobility as well as religious factions.

With the Shōgun installed in Edo, Heian-kyō begins to decline in importance as a seat of power. After the Ōnin War Heian-kyō was separated into upper (Kamigyō) and lower (Shimogyō) cities, each of which became places of little importance. However, the two would meet in a city during the Azuchi-Momoyama period after Oda Nobunaga’s ascension.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉).

At the end of the 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi rebuilt the city. He building new streets to double the number of north-south streets in central Kyoto, creating rectangular blocks that replaced the old square blocks. Hideyoshi also built embankment walls called odoi (御土居) that surrounded the city.

In 1864 the Hamaguri rebellion burned 28,000 houses in the city, showing the discontent of the rebels towards the Tokugawa Shogunate.

During the Meiji Revolution, Edo was renamed Tokyo, becoming the new capital of Japan. After the transfer of the emperor to Tokyo, the economy is severely weakened.

In 1889 the new city of Kyoto is formed and the canal from Lake Biwa is built to revive the city.

During World War II, the United States considered dropping an atomic bomb on Kyoto because, as Japan’s intellectual center, it had a large enough population to persuade the emperor to surrender.

In the end, at the insistence of Henry Lewis Stimson, Secretary of War in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, the city was removed from the target list and replaced by Nagasaki. The city was also largely spared from conventional bombing. Thanks to this, today most of its historical heritage is preserved.

In 1997, Kyoto hosted the conference that resulted in the protocol on greenhouse gas emissions (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).

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Praga 2023: visitando un cuento de Hadas

Pues nos vamos a Praga. Después de 3 años por fin viajamos en invierno a Europa de nuevo.

Praga

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Alcalá de Henares 2020: visitamos la ciudad de Cervantes

Visitamos Alcalá de Henares continuando la vuelta a casa desde Navarra.

Después de varias horas de camino llegamos al hotel, el Ibis Alcalá de Henares La Garena. En la línea de todos los Ibis por 58.90€ por noche. Muy tranquilo porque daba la impresión de que éramos los únicos huéspedes del hotel. El aparcamiento estaba vacío.

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Dejamos las cosas, descansamos un poco y nos fuimos a visitar la ciudad.

Aparcamos junto a la Puerta de Madrid. Fue construida en el año 1788 para sustituir la antigua puerta de la muralla medieval.

Alcala de Henares
Puerta de Madrid
Alcala de Henares

Un poco más adelante se encuentra la Catedral de los Santos Justo y Pastor. Levantada como una capilla en el año 411. En el lugar donde se cree que fueron ejecutados San Justo y San Pastor en el año 304 en la Hispania romana.

Durante el periodo visigodo se convierte en catedral. En el año 1054, los musulmanes reconquistan la ciudad y destruyen la catedral.

En el año 1118 los cristianos reconquistan la ciudad. Fue en el año 1122 se reconstruye de nuevo la catedral.

Alcala de Henares

Justo enfrente se encuentra la ermita de Santa Lucía. Es una de las construcciones religiosas más emblemáticas de la ciudad. Fue construida en el siglo XII en estilo románico-mudéjar.

El edificio actual data del siglo XVII y está construida en estilo barroco.

Durante la Edad Media, y hasta el año 1515, se reunía allí el concejo de la villa. Por esto es considerada la primera sede del ayuntamiento de la ciudad.

Alcala de Henares
Ermita de Santa Lucía

Muy cerca encontramos el Palacio Arzobispal, la residencia de los arzobispos de Toledo en Alcalá de Henares. Construido a partir del siglo XIII y hasta las últimas renovaciones en el siglo XX, se suceden estilos como el mudéjar, renacentista y barroco.

En él llegaron a residir diferentes monarcas castellanos. Aquí nacieron Catalina de Aragón y emperador alemán Fernando. También aquí se celebró la primera reunión entre los Reyes Católicos y Cristóbal Colón.

Alcala de Henares

A su lado se encuentra el convento de San Bernardo, fundado por el cardenal Bernardo Sandoval y Rojas. La iglesia se construyó entre 1617 y 1626 cuando se realizó la bendición del templo.

Alcala de Henares

Desde aquí nos disponemos a recorrer la cercana calle mayor, que está rebosante de bares, restaurantes y terrazas. Aquí se encuentra la casa natal de Miguel de Cervantes.

Durante mucho tiempo hubo un intenso debate sobre el lugar de nacimiento del escritor, hasta que en 1948 Luis Astrana Marín, dio a conocer la ubicación exacta en este edificio. Después de esto, el ayuntamiento compró en 1954 y en 1956 se inauguró el museo cervantino.

Alcala de Henares

Ya casi al final de la calle mayor se encuentra la Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, actual parroquia de Santa María la Mayor, construida entre 1602 y 1625 por el arquitecto Bartolomé de Bustamante y sufragada por Doña Catalina de Mendoza y Mendoza.

Alcala de Henares

Volvemos un poco sobre nuestros pasos hasta la plaza de San Diego, donde se encuentra el precioso edificio del colegio mayor de San Ildefonso, que pertenece a la universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Fundado en 1499 por el Cardenal Cisneros como origen de la Universidad de Alcalá histórica, fue colegio mayor hasta su clausura en el año 1798. Hoy en día es sede del rectorado de la universidad.

Alcala de Henares

Casi al lado se encuentra la plaza Cervantes. La plaza se creó en el año 1184 como plaza del mercado. Luego se le llamó plaza de la Constitución, y desde el año 1879 es la plaza de Cervantes, cuando se erigió en el centro de la plaza un monumento al escritor.

Alcala de Henares

En la plaza se encuentra el ayuntamiento, en el edificio que que en un principio fue el Colegio-convento de la Orden de Clérigos Regulares Ministros de los Enfermos de San Carlos Borromeo y de San Camilo de Lelis o de Agonizantes, hasta el año 1855.

Alcala de Henares

En un extremo sur de la plaza encontramos las ruinas de la iglesia de Santa María, construida en el siglo XV y destruida en el año 1936 durante la Guerra Civil. Hoy en día solo se conservan la torre del Oidor y la capilla, ambas restauradas.

Alcala de Henares
Alcala de Henares

Por detrás, encontramos el edificio de la facultad de filosofía y letras, en el edificio donde antiguamente se encontraba el Colegio Menor de San Ciriaco y Santa Paula, conocido como Colegio de Málaga, fundado en 1611 Juan Alonso de Moscoso, obispo consecutivamente de Guadix-Baza, León y Málaga.

Alcalá de Henares

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Lituania: Guía Práctica

Aquí encontrarás datos básicos que debes conocer antes de tu viaje a Lituania.

Documentación

Al ser parte de la Unión Europea, para los ciudadanos de la UE no hace falta obetenr visado. Vale con Pasaporte o D.N.I.

Sanidad

En Lituania se encuentra una familia de garrapatas conocida como Ixodes Ricinos, que son peligrosas por dos tipos de enfermedades graves que pueden transmitir a los animales y a los seres humanos: la ENCEFALITIS CENTRO-EUROPEA y la ENFERMEDAD DE LYME.

Para esto se recomienda:

  • Informarse sobre las vacunas requeridas antes de visitar Lituania.
  • Tener especial cuidado durante el verano en excursiones en las zonas de campo, por el bosque o en los alrededores de los lagos.
  • Usar pantalones largos y prendas de color claro para facilitar la identificación de los insectos.
  • Usar repelentes para insectos y si las garrapatas se encuentran en la piel extraerlas inmediatamente con una pinza.

La República de Lituania mantiene un sistema de hospitales públicos de calidad. Si viaja provisto de Tarjeta Sanitaria Europea (TSE) le serán prestados los servicios de atención de urgencias no necesariamente de forma gratuita.

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Dinero

Desde su independencia de la Unión Soviética en 1993, la moneda en circulación era la Litas lituana. Con esa moneda es con la que viajamos nosotros en 2012.

Fue a partir de 2014 cuando Lituania adoptó el Euro y dejó de usarse gradualmente su moneda.

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Conducir en Lituania

SE RECOMIENDA extremar la precaución a quienes viajen en coche u otro tipo de transporte terrestre por Lituania. El mal estado de las calzadas y los adelantamientos en vías de un solo carril son comunes, ya que en ocasiones los conductores utilizan el arcén como un tercer carril.

Los límites de velocidad oscilan entre el máximo de 50 km/h en ciudad, 70 km/h en carreteras convencionales y los 110-130km/h en autovías. La red de autovías/ autopistas en Lituania está en expansión y en la actualidad no es muy amplia. Existen tramos entre Kaunas y Klaipėda y entre Vilnius y Panavezys.

La mayor parte de las carreteras, en gran medida debido también a las duras condiciones climatológicas del invierno, suelen tener el firme en deficiente estado, apenas están iluminadas y las vías principales suelen tener un tráfico denso, especialmente de camiones. El índice de accidentes de tráfico es uno de los más altos de la Unión Europea.

La legislación vial de Lituania es MUY ESTRICTA. Muy especialmente en casos de omisión del deber de socorro, fuga o consumo de alcohol o drogas.

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A tener en cuenta

La legislación lituana es MUY ESTRICTA en cuestiones de orden público. Existe una muy escasa permisividad por parte de jueces y policías con comportamientos antisociales, escándalos, peleas o demás tipos de alteraciones como gamberradas y delitos menores en ambientes universitarios o festivos.

La legislación lituana es MUY ESTRICTA en lo que se refiere al respeto debido a los símbolos nacionales.

El Código Penal de Lituania castiga con hasta dos años de prisión a aquellos que retiren, rompan, ensucien, quemen o ultrajen la bandera y otros símbolos del Estado de Lituania. La misma pena se impone a quien ridiculice o haga burla pública del Himno Nacional.

Todo cosas de sentido común, que no todos tenemos.

Queda también PROHIBIDO mostrar símbolos o hacer apología de la Unión Soviética, la República Socialista de Lituania y portar emblemas que muestren la hoz y el martillo, el lazo de San Jorge o la Estrella Roja Soviética so pena administrativa.

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Breve historia de Lituania

Los primeros pobladores fueron los baltos o aesti, entre cuyas tribus se incluían también los prusianos originales y los letones. Fueron una etnia de origen indoeuropeo única, fuertemente influidas por los germanos, pero también tuvieron lazos comerciales con el Imperio romano. Las primeras referencias conocidas sobre Lituania como nación (Litua) provienen de los anales del monasterio de Quedlinburg, fechados el 19 de febrero de 1009.

El territorio que actualmente corresponde a Lituania se remonta al siglo XIII como Estado medieval. Fue primero un gran ducado independiente. Se considera que la fecha de la constitución del primer Estado lituano fue la coronación oficial de Mindaugas, el 6 de julio de 1253 en Vilna, que unió a los duques lituanos rivales en un único Estado. Durante el siglo XIII el reino fue invadido varias veces por los reyes mongoles de la Horda de Oro. Los mongoles fueron derrotados en 1377 en «Aguas Azules». En 1385 se unió a Polonia tras la coronación como rey de Vladislao II Jogaila.

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En 1401 Vitautas, primo de Jogaila, se proclamó Gran Duque de Lituania y se disolvió la unión de los dos países. Gracias a la cooperación de ambos países, los ejércitos lituano y polaco vencieron a la Orden Teutónica en la batalla de Grunwald en 1410. Fue la mayor batalla en suelo europeo librada en todo el siglo XV.

Más tarde fue de nuevo anexionada a Polonia formando la República de las Dos Naciones en virtud de la unión dinástica de los dos estados en 1569, convirtiéndose así en el país más grande de Europa. Según el sistema de unión de los dos países, Lituania pudo conservar un auto-gobierno. Posteriormente fue incorporada a Rusia en 1795 bajo el reinado de Catalina II de Rusia, tras un proceso de desintegración que duró todo el siglo XVIII (particiones de Polonia).

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A finales del siglo XVIII y hasta el comienzo de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Lituania recobró su autonomía, aunque siguió formando parte del Imperio ruso. La represión de los gobernantes rusos contra el pueblo y la cultura lituanas provocó dos grandes revueltas en 1836 y 1863. Tras el Levantamiento de Enero de 1863, fueron prohibidos los libros, periódicos y la enseñanza en general en idioma lituano durante los siguientes 40 años. Con el fin de ejercer un mayor control, las autoridades rusas sustituyeron el alfabeto latino del lituano por el alfabeto cirílico.

Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, entre 1914 y 1918, Lituania estuvo ocupada por Alemania, declarando otra vez su independencia el 16 de febrero de 1918. Entre 1918 y 1921 libró una guerra contra la recién proclamada República de Polonia, que había intentado anexionarse el Estado Lituano. La guerra se saldó con la pérdida del 20 % del territorio lituano, con la capital Vilna incluida, por lo que la capital se trasladó provisionalmente a Kaunas.

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en junio de 1940 las tropas de la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) ocuparon el país, y en agosto de ese año Lituania fue anexionada, convirtiéndose en la República Socialista Soviética de Lituania; pero desde 1941 y hasta 1944 la Alemania Nazi expulsó al Ejército Rojo, por lo que una parte de la sociedad lituana percibió a los alemanes como sus libertadores frente al imperialismo bolchevique. Tras la victoria militar del Ejército Rojo y las tropas aliadas, sobre el ejército nazi, Lituania pasó a formar parte de la Unión Soviética, tras haberse acordado en el tratado de Potsdam de 1945.

En 1988 se formó el Movimiento Lituano por la Sąjūdis, que triunfó en las elecciones de 1989 en el Seima lituano, todavía perteneciendo Lituania a la Unión Soviética. En 1990 Vytautas Landsbergis fue elegido presidente, proclamando la independencia de Lituania el 11 de marzo de 1990, apoyado por la llamada Revolución Cantada. Aunque esta independencia no fue reconocida internacionalmente hasta 1991.

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Granada: Short History

Granada is the capital of the homonymous province, located in the south of Spain in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, at the confluence of four rivers, the Darro, the Genil, the Monachil and the Beiro. It is located 738 meters high, about 40 km from Sierra Nevada, the roof of the Iberian Peninsula, with the Mulhacén peak at 3479 meters and 70 km from the Mediterranean coast.

Old Age

It is believed that in the Monachil area, about 7 km east of today’s Granada, there was already an important settlement of the Argaric culture (2300-1500 BC). At the end of the Bronze Age in the Cerro de los Infantes, in the present Pinos Puente, there was also a human settlement between 800 and 700 BC. which later became an important Iberian settlement called Ilurco.

The oldest remains that have been found were those of Iltuir, an Iberian oppidum dating from the 7th century BC. on the top of the San Nicolás hill, on the right bank of the Darro river, in what is now the Albayzín neighborhood.

Between the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. C. the apogee of the Iberian culture takes place that gives place to the consolidation of important urban centers, like the one of Iltuir and Ilurco, that dispute the domain of the Vega of Genil River.

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Roman Empire

Between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. It is renamed Iliberri and is included in the area controlled by the Bastetanos and, later, by the Carthaginians.

After Carthage’s victory over Rome in the First Punic War (264-241 BC), Hamilcar Barca and his son-in-law Hasdrubal take control of the entire Guadalquivir valley in 237 BC. But after the defeat of the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, it is the Romans who take control.

Around the year 190 B.C. the Roman general Lucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico was defeated in Ilurco. 10 years later, Tiberio Sempronio Graco conquers the entire area and Iliberis became part of the Roman Empire, although through an agreement. From then on, with the acceptance of César as a municipality of Hispania Ulterior, it was renamed Municipium Florentinum Iliberitanum. Later it was included in Baetica and, finally, around the first century AD. C., incorporated into the Conventus Astigitanus.

Muslim Era

After the decline and disappearance of the Roman Empire, and the formation of the Emirate of Córdoba between the 8th and 11th centuries, the city was practically uninhabited. It is believed that there was only a small population center around the Hisn Garnata fortress, the name by which the ancient Ilíberis was known in Muslim times, built on the remains of an Ibero-Roman oppidum, used by Sawwar ben Hamdun as a bulwark in front of to the rebellion of the muladíes (880-918).

Between the years 712 and 1012, the important population center was Medinat Elvira, at the foot of Sierra Elvira between the current municipalities of Pinos Puente and Atarfe, which became one of the most important cities in al-Andalus, being the capital of the Coria of Elvira.

The city Zirí

After the formation of the Taifa Kingdoms, between 1010 and 1025, Zawi ben Ziri as-Sinhayi (المنصور الزاوي بن زيري بن مانادو), Berber chief of the Zirid dynasty and founder of the Taifa of Granada, produced a massive relocation after the assault, fire and ruin of the city of Ilbira and its main mosque. These settle in the center of the Albayzín hill, known as Alcazaba Cadima (al-Qasba Qadima), demolishing the remains of previous settlements.

The Almoravid and Almohad city

In the Almoravid era, which goes from the years 1090 to 1147, the urban structure of the city changes very little. The Almoravids expanded the walled enclosure, opening entrance gates such as the New Gate or bāb al-Ziyad; or the Monaita or Bib-Albunaida Gate, which are still preserved today; as well as the Torres Bermejas.

In the Almohad period, from 1147 to 1269, the structure of the city did not change much either. Some important buildings are built such as the Dar-al-Bayda palace, today the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo; the Alcázar del Genil or Qasar al-Sayyid and the cemetery located next to Puerta Elvira or maqbarat al-faqth Sa’ad ben Malik is expanded, which today occupies a large underground car park.

Nasrid Kingdom

With the arrival of the Nasrid Kingdom during the second half of the 13th century, the city grew steadily, so the defensive walls of Nayd and the great Rabad al-bayyazin, to the north, had to be expanded.

The city is organized into six walled districts and two extra-mural neighborhoods:

  • Al-Casba Cadima: the Old Fortress, at the top of the Albayzín hill, where the Royal Palace of the Ziríes was located, which continued to be the residence of the Nasrid monarchs until the beginning of the 14th century. It was divided into the neighborhoods Harat Alcazaba, to the north, and Rabat Almufadar, to the south.
  • Al Casba: Located to the south of Al-Casba Cadima, surrounding it from the east and west, reaching the Darro river. This was part of one of the most populated neighborhoods, Rabad Badis, in which was the palace of Dar al-Horra, which is preserved today.
  • The new city: Located to the south of the previous districts, on both banks of the Darro and on the southwest corner of the Albayzín hill. It was made up of a large number of neighborhoods, and some of the most important buildings in the city were located there, such as Alhondaq Gidida, the Corral del Carbón still standing; or Jima el-Kebir, the Great Mosque, now disappeared.
  • Albayzín: In Muslim times it referred exclusively to the suburbs located to the north of the city but, over time, its name ended up being used to name the entire hill where the Zirids settled.
  • Medina Alhamra: The palatial city of the Nasrid monarchs located on top of La Sabika hill, on the left bank of the Darro river. Its construction was started by King Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (محمد بن نصر‎), taking advantage of the existence of an old Zirid fortress. His son Abû `Abd Allâh Mohammed ben Mohammed (Muhammad II) erected most of the palace areas. For the second half of the fourteenth century it is already a real city.
  • The southeastern neighborhoods: Outside the city walls, there were two different neighborhoods: Rabad Arrambla occupied the area known as Birrambla; and Rabad el-Necued, which was located at the southeast end of the wall, on the right bank of the River Genil, in what is now the Vistillas de los Ángeles.

Kingdom of Castile

In 1491 the Castilian army entered the Vega de Granada and laid siege to the city. On November 25, the Capitulations are signed in Sant Fe, in which a two-month period was agreed for the delivery of the city. Before expiring that term, on January 2, 1492, Boabdil, the last Nasrid sultan, delivered the city.

With the capitulations, the people of Granada could continue to practice their religion freely and publicly, their properties would be respected and the validity of Islamic law in disputes between Muslims would be maintained, creating the figure of mixed judges when it came to disputes with Christians. The kings name Hernando de Talavera, Isabel’s confessor, first archbishop of Granada.

In 1499, Fray Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, the queen’s new confessor and Archbishop of Toledo, began a harsh campaign of forced conversions, with the confiscation and burning of books, the imprisonment of alfaquíes, and inquisitorial proceedings. This policy generated serious riots in the Albayzín after the conversion of mosques into churches. After this, the Catholic Monarchs took advantage of these events to declare the Capitulations null and void and order a first expulsion of the Moors and the confinement of the rest in a ghetto located in Bib-Rambla.

During the War of the Communities of Castile (1520-1522), Granada remained faithful to Carlos I and the Captain General, the Marquis of Mondéjar, was in charge of dominating the situation.

During the 16th century, Queen Juana I of Castilla (the crazy one) and, later, her son King Carlos I, invested large sums in the maintenance and repair of the Alhambra and other buildings of interest, which facilitated the survival of of this architecture. The Royal Chapel (1505) is also built, in which Kings Isabel and Fernando are buried in 1521; the Royal Hospital (1511); the Cathedral and the Palace of Carlos V, inside the Alhambra enclosure, a tome that doesn’t even hit glue. The guy stayed in glory.

Contemporary Era

On January 28, 1810, the French troops of General Sebastiani occupy Granada. They stayed here until September 16, 1812. They carried out numerous fortification works in the surroundings of the Alhambra and the Castle of Santa Elena. They also developed some urban works such as the landscaping of the Paseo del Salón and the Bomba and the Green Bridge over the Genil River, located at the end of those, although to raise this they topped the tower of the Monastery of San Jerónimo. Before leaving the city, they destroyed several towers of the Alhambra walls and other buildings that had military use.

After this begins a time of economic and political decline, which improves in 1868 with the rise of the sugar industry. Added to the arrival of the railway, it facilitates the promotion of commerce and a new urban development. Numerous buildings from the Muslim era are demolished to build the Gran Vía and the Darro river is arched giving rise to Reyes Católicos street.

Granada in the 20th century

With the economic bonanza a significant population explosion occurs, doubling the population of the city in just 40 years. But, between 1926 and 1940, all the sugar mills in Granada were closed, causing a serious economic crisis. This fact led, on July 20, 1936, to a military conspiracy against the Republic, rising up and taking control of the city.

The outbreak of the civil war leaves Granada as an isolated insurgent zone between areas controlled by the Republican government, which gives rise to a large number of arrests and political executions (García Lorca among them): 3,969 people were shot between 1936 and 1956 on the walls of the Granada cemetery.

The serious impact of the war, added to the loss of the industrial fabric and the exclusion of Granada from the areas supported by the National Industry Protection Law of 1939, caused the city to stagnate economically and regress in its demography.

After the war, Granada became one of the cities with the lowest income in the entire country, becoming practically a university city. In the last third of the 20th century, a powerful tertiary sector developed thanks to tourism.

On April 19, 1956, the second most important earthquake in the history of the capital occurred, known over the years as the Albolote earthquake.

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